Family Business Case 5 Vega food Company Essay

ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluation - Essay Example Non-ordinary sorts of profit installments, especially share repurchases are as a rule utilized at present, and in this manner, the profit choice is considerably more multifaceted and complex than it was before. Also, there are progressively huge kinds of investors who ought to be fulfilled today-especially institutional financial specialists while administrators once just need to fulfill singular investors. Accordingly, n increment in the profit payout is taken to be uplifting news. The organization is demonstrating that it not just has positive incomes, anyway these incomes are rising adequately to approve a raised payout to investors. The organization â€Å"proves† its income by paying out a portion of that money to its investors. This implies higher profits may show enduring more prominent income for the organization. How this contention has been negated that the profit strategy is unessential. It is consequently that this paper will analyze on the way that organization's p rofit approach is superfluous to its fairly estimated worth. ... I-Miller (M&M) hypothesis, (Irrelevancy Theory) (1961) sent by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, impacts the base for present day see on capital structure, in spite of the fact that it is normally seen as only insightful in light of the fact that it presumes away various critical components in the capital structure choice. The hypothesis contends that, in an ideal market, the estimation of a firm is insignificant to how that firm is supported. This result offers a premise used to concentrate genuine worldwide reasons why capital structure is suitable. These different reasons contain organization costs, chapter 11 costs, data asymmetry, charges among others. The hypothesis has been utilized to show that profit is superfluous to firm’s piece of the pie. Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM) under their hypothesis contended that in immaculate monetary markets (no exchanges costs conviction, no charges, or other market blemishes), the estimation of an organization is aff ected by the apportioning of profits. They guarantee that company’s esteem is primarily determined the imminent pay and danger of its speculations, in this manner, keeping up pay or paying them to the investors in profits doesn't influences its worth (Grullon et al 2002). MM through its hypothesis showed that gave the organization is achieving the profits foreseen by the market, it doesn't make a difference whether the profits is coordinated to the investor as people presently, or reinvested. They would see it as far as profit or value appreciation. Along these lines, for this situation the investor can build up their individual profit through selling the stock when they need money (Lie 2000). They qualified their contention through this computation: V t = 1/1+rt[Dt+Vt+1-m t+1P t+1] Where rt = Discount rate Dt = Total Dividends Paid V t+1 = Firm Value @ t+1 = ntP t+1 M t+1P t+1 = Amount

How Are Correlations Are Used in Psychology Research

How Are Correlations Are Used in Psychology Research Student Resources Print How Are Correlations Are Used in Psychology Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Correlations indicate relationships between variables. Kiatdd / Wikimedia Commons More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers A correlation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Possible correlations range from 1 to â€"1. A zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the variables. A correlation of â€"1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable goes up, the other goes down. A correlation of 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that both variables move in the same direction together. Questions About Correlations Correlations can be confusing for many students, which can be illustrated by the following comment from a reader. After taking a quiz in which respondents had to select which correlation represented the strongest relationship, our reader wrote: I just finished taking the research methods quiz, and I think the answers to two of the questions might be wrong. On the one question, I am thinking that the weakest relationship is indicated by -0.74 (c), and not 0.10 (a) as given in the quiz answers. For the other question, I am thinking that the strongest relationship is indicated by 0.79 (b), and not -0.98 (d) as given in the quiz answers. Or maybe I am simply missing a point. When it comes to correlations, be careful not to equate positive with strong and negative with weak. A relationship between two variables can be negative, but that doesnt mean  that the relationship isnt strong. A weak positive correlation would indicate that while both variables tend to go up in response to one another, the relationship is not very strong. A strong negative correlation, on the other hand, would indicate a strong connection between the two variables, but that one goes up whenever the other one goes down. The Correlation Coefficient Remember, correlation strength is measured from -1.00 to 1.00. The correlation coefficient often expressed as r, indicates a measure of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables. When the r value is closer to 1 or -1, it indicates that there is a stronger linear relationship between the two variables. A correlation of -0.97 is a strong negative correlation  while a correlation of 0.10 would be a weak positive correlation. When you are thinking about correlation, just remember this handy rule: The closer the correlation is to 0, the weaker it is, while the close it is to /-1, the stronger it is. So, for the first question, 0.10 is indeed a weaker correlation than -0.74, and for the next question, -0.98 is a stronger correlation than 0.79. Correlation Is Not Causation Of course (and youve probably heard this a million times in all your psychology classes), correlation does not equal causation. Just because two variables have a relationship does not mean that changes in one variable cause changes in the other. Correlations tell us that there is a relationship between variables, but this does not necessarily mean that one variable causes the other to changes. What Is a Zero Correlation? A zero correlation suggests that the correlation statistic did not indicate a relationship between the two variables. Its important to note that this does not mean that there is not a relationship at all; it simply means that there is not a linear relationship. A zero correlation is often indicated using the abbreviation r0. What Is an Illusory Correlation? An illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship between two variables when only a minor or absolutely no relationship actually exists. For example, people sometimes assume that because two events occurred together at one point in the past, that one event must be the cause of the other. These illusory correlations can occur both in scientific investigations and in real-world situations. Stereotypes are a good example of illusory correlations. Research has shown that people tend to assume that certain groups and traits occur together and frequently overestimate the strength of the association between the two variables. For example, lets suppose that a man holds a mistaken belief that all people from small towns are extremely kind. When the individual meets a very kind person, his immediate assumption might be that the person is from a small town, despite the fact that kindness is not related to city population. A Word From Verywell Correlations play an important role in psychology research. Correlational studies are quite common in psychology, particularly because some things are impossible to recreate or research in a lab setting. Instead of performing an experiment, researchers may collect data from participants to look at relationships that may exist between different variables. From the data and analysis they collect, researchers can then make inferences and predictions about the nature of the relationships between different variables.

Tda 2.4 - Equality, Diversity Inclusion in Work with...

- | TDA 2.4 - Equality, Inclusion amp; Diversity In Work With Children and Young People. | Kerri Cook | | Contents Section One: Page 4 Legislation, participation, equal access and valuing and promoting cultural diversity. Section Two: Page 8 Prejudice amp; Discrimination and own attitudes, values and opinions. section three: Page 13 group inclusion Contents Page 4 - Section One Page 5 - 1.1 - Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing diversity page 5 - 1.2 - Describe the importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equal rights. Page 6 - 1.3 - Describe the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural†¦show more content†¦This means that my setting does comply to the National Curriculum but does adapt to the levels of ability of the current pupils. Even though we are unsure of the complete level of understanding of the pupils we, as a setting, do always try to promote equality and diversity within our resources and work activities, this means out pupils will see that all children, young people and adults are equal and all have the same rights regardless of age, gender, and ability. 1.3- The benefits of promoting and valuing cultural diversity within a school setting is extremely important as children and young people will learn to understand all the different cultures and respect them. Learning about different cultures and religions helps a young mind broaden and see that no matter what culture, race or ethnicity another person is they still have equal rights and opportunities and can achieve the same goals as each other. For example, many people see all Indian/Pakistani adults as doctors, this is a common form of stereotyping and if an English child is lead to believe that this is only the case then they may not want to follow that career path due to feeling that they are not allowed. Within my setting we promote cultural diversity within our resources, this means that when we show our pupils books or home-made resources to help assist them with their learning we always try to ensure that all ethnic backgrounds and abilities are shownShow MoreRelatedTda 2.4 Equalit y, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People1458 Words   |  6 PagesTDA 2.4 : Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people The current legislative framework protecting the equal rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). 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Policies also pay regards to the values and practice, which are part of all aspect of school life.   United Nation’sRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesAccreditation Start Date: Ofqual Accreditation End Date: Ofqual Certification End Date: 31/07/2010 31/07/2014 31/07/2016 O:\ASCENTIS\Programmes\Vocational\Educational and Training\Support Staff in Schools\L3 MandatoryOptional Unit Booklet Support Work in Schools.doc ools Qualifications specification.doc Page 1 of 137 Version 2- 28th Feb 2011 Ascentis Level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Subject Code: 501/1289/2 Ascentis Level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and LearningRead MoreTDA 3.6 Promote Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people5854 Words   |  24 PagesSTL 3.6 Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. 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Summary Of The Mcpheron Brothers - 1121 Words

The McPheron brothers, Raymond and Harold, are the go-to guys of the small town of Holt. It is a safe haven to the pregnant teenager they take in. It is a place of comfort for two young brothers much like themselves, named Ike and Bobby. Raymond and Harold are two brothers who live together on their ranch and take care of their farm animals. The McPheron’s wore jeans and boots, canvas chore jackets, and hats with flannel earflaps. They have a barn full of cattle that they spend most of their time with. They have never been married and their parents were killed when they were longer which left them to raise themselves. They have never had a female live with them nor have they been around any children. They have been independent and lonesome for years. They sit around their table and read the newspaper while drinking coffee. Then they spend most of their days outside in the barn. Even in the cold frigid winter months, they still spend their time outside maintaining the farm. Tom Guthrie who is a friend of the McPheron’s brought his sons, Ike and Bobby, to the farm one day to help out. Ike and Bobby would not give the McPheron’s an hourly wage to be paid; they weren’t sure what to say so they just shrugged their shoulders. After Tom said the boys would help, Harold lubed up his arm and shoved it in the cow to feel for a calf. He pulled out green manure and continued to shove his arm in to see if he could feel anything. When Raymond pulled his arm out of the heifer it was

Legal and Ethical Conflicts Groups and Institution

Question: Discuss about theLegal and Ethical Conflictsfor Groups and Institution. Answer: Introduction A conflict occurs between two or more people, groups, institution or governments. The impact resulting from a conflict can either be direct or indirect. There are different form of conflicts in a healthcare setting which dictates for the distinct procedure for solution. The diversified beneficiaries in healthcare have different rights which the professional need to consider during the process of interaction (Mitchell Haroun, 2012). Alternatively, the professionals have responsibilities, rights, ethics, principles and virtues which govern their service delivery. All these factors which dictate the performance of the professionals are formulated based on different platforms therefore in the process of considering one professional may end up violating another. Theories and principle have been formulated to assist the professional in making decision in case of a conflict resulting from legal and ethical (Gallagher Hodge, 2012). From the case study, the key stakeholders are the registered nurse, the paramedics, the residential aged care, the patient (Elsie), the community, and the patients family. Mostly the community and the patients family are subjected to the indirect impact of the conflict though at some point the family is exposed to direct impact. In this essay, I will critically analyse the human dignity and rights of the stakeholders, principles and virtue that govern professional decision making, code of professional conduct and provide a resolution which can be implemented to solve the legal and ethical conflict based on the case study provided. Legal and Ethical Conflicts Ethics concentrates on the way of thinking, examining and understanding individuals around us and doing what is morally right. The principles outlined and theories developed to guide health profession while interacting with other stakeholder contradict. While making a decision based on ethics, a professional may violate some of the principles and theories formulated to guide the professionals. The contradiction results to a conflict which directly or indirectly affects the involved stakeholders. Legal involves rights and laws formulated to guide the interaction process of the different stakeholder to avoid mistreat. The rights and laws governing the health professional and the patient are outlined in the medical act in the state constitution. When performing their duties professional may interfere with the other stakeholders rights thus causing a legal conflict. From the case, the conflicts are well portrayed, and they can be discussed by considering the different stakeholders in the case. Stakeholders Dignity and Rights The Patient (Elsie) Based on the Australian medical act Elsie has the right to medication and quality services. It is Elsie right to make a decision concerning the treatment process to be formulated. The laws stipulate that in case Elsie is unconscious a trustee should be conducted to help her in make decision. Any patient has the right to access information concerning his /her health status, and in case any of the rights is violated the patient or patients family has the right to sue the involved (Bma; British Medical Association., 2012). Ethically Elsie should not make a decision which will affect her health or any other stakeholder. Based on the theory of deontology Elsie decision not to be subjected to advanced treatment hold when her situation is not complicated. Professional (Registered nurse) Registered nurses are protected by the association against any conflict from the organisation or the community. Nurse have the right to make medical decision on behalf of a patient who is unconscious, and they require emergency care (Lustig, 2012). The right is only applicable when the method initiated aims to relieve the patient. Health are require professionals to make a decision which sometimes they can fail, and it is the right of the nurses to be protected when such cases occur. Though it is the right of Elsie to make a decision on matters concerning her health ethics does not allow the nurse o duty to watch as Elsie suffer (Wynia, Kishore, Belar, 2014). Additionally, the inner self of the nurse forces her to react toward the Elsie situation. Though based on ethical theories Elsie should be given a platform to make a decision, the nurse should implement any measure provided it is geared toward relieving Elsie. Professional (Paramedics) Paramedics are trained to attend to an emergency health issue, and it is their right to get health information concerning the patient they are attending (Townsend Luck, 2013). The paramedics were doing their best by resuscitated Elsie, therefore, it is their right to be protected against any claim posted on them. Additionally, Elsie was unconscious, and no trustee or family member was present to be consulted concerning Elsies case. The paramedics have the right to implement any medical measure provided it is geared to relieving the patient. Ethically the paramedics should take an immediate action to save the life of Elsie. Their self cannot allow them to start enquiring about the legal process that needs to be considered. Watching Elsie die without attempting any medical measure is unethical irrespective of numerous legal and ethical behind decision making. Family (Elsies Family) Based on the Australian medical act the family has the right to access health information concerning Elsie (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). Once they have been provided with the information, it is the right of the family to question and seek clarification concerning the provided information. When the information is not clear and it appears to be biased the family has the right of sue the professionals involved in the process that is paramedics and the registered nurse who was on duty. Since the residential aged care has the mandate to take care and ensure the right of the patient are observed the family has the right to sue the healthcare. Besides the rights, the family should ethically respect the decision made by the nurses since they were attempting to save the life of Elsie. Based on the theory of libertarianism the freedom of the individual is valid when there is no sufficient reason, therefore, it will be unethical to observe a patient die when a medical measure can be adopted (Bu etow, 2016). From the above explanation, each stakeholder has a right which needs to be respected. When health professionals are performing their duties they Violet some of the rights and ethics thus bring conflict when the result turn to be negative. Elsie right to medication stands but her right to be consulted is violated in an attempt to relieve her. Ethically professionals should implement any medical measure provided is focusing on doing well for the patient (Pozgar Santucci, 2015). On the same basis, Elsie should not be forced to make a decision, and her decision should be respected. When professional engage in considering the legal process of Elsie, and then Elsie dies then, the professionals are considered to be unethical. The legal and ethical conflict requires a skilled and experienced professional to solve such conflict through making a sober decision. Principles and Virtues that Govern Health Professionals The principle of autonomy gives Elsie right to have control of her body (Nys, Denier, Vandevelde, 2013). The Registered nurse should only advice Elsie and leave her to make a decision without influencing her or forcing her to make a certain decision. Elsie gives her a choice of best interest though the Nurse does finally violet the choice of Elsie. The principle of beneficence allows the nurse to implement the advanced medical attention to secure the life of Elsie (Ashcroft, 2012). The nurse and the paramedics observe this principle since all the adopted measure focus on the good of Elsie. The nurse on duty is registered indicating that she is skilled and experienced and any decision made is sober and geared at rescuing Elsie. The principle of beneficence contradicts the principle of autonomy a situation which bring conflict between Elsies family and the professionals. The principle of non-maleficence simply means doing no harm to the patient at the end (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench, Davies, 2011). The decisions made by the nurse and the paramedics focuses on restoring the health of Elsie though the opposite happens. Based on virtue ethics the decision made by the nurses is guided by morals and a good heart. Ethics protects the nurse and paramedics though the result turns negative. If the principle autonomy was observed may be the resulted could not turn negative a situation which brings contradiction between the principle of autonomy and the principle of non-maleficence. Fairness in the medical decision is advocated by the principle of justice (Devettere, 2016). On the basis of the principle, the registered nurse consults Elsie, and they agree on the right medical care. The principle is violated when the nurse on duty forces the paramedics to transit Elsie on a health care where she could be subjected to advance care. Based on the principle of autono my Elsie had cautioned the nurse manager of advancing her treatment. Additionally, she had warned her not to resuscitate. The principle of justice restricts the nurse and the paramedics from advancing and resuscitating Elsie. Based on the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence the nurse is right to adopt advanced treatment since she is doing it for the sake of Elsie. A contradiction which results in conflict is experienced. Code Ethics for the Health Professionals Health professionals deal with different people, therefore, they should value them and appreciate their diversity. From the case, the nurse tries to build a bond with Elsie by involving her in making decision on her wish concerning her care. The decision of Elsie does not make the nurse discriminate her. Based on the code of ethics for nurses, they should provide quality services to all people (Johnstone, 2011). Health professional handle different confidential information, and it takes integrity to retain the information. When a professional is integral, patient and the community develops trust and any decision formulated by the professional is highly respected. Social and honest health profession value cultures and ensure patients culture is respected during the process of implementing the care strategy (King Hawley, 2012). The gap between Elsie and the nurse was bridged by the fact that the nurse took time to listen and understand Elsie. Through socialisation, professional understand different cultures an aspect which increases the cultural capability of a practitioner. Effects of Legal and Ethical Conflict to the Stakeholders The nurse performance is greatly affected since they have no full freedom to control the patient (Alspach, 2013). When a decision made by the nurse turns negative, the nurse is affected psychologically and physically a situation which affects the health of the nurse. The conflict subjects Elsie to a pressure which makes her suffer cardiac arrest and later dies. The conflicts restrict professional to perform some helpful medical process which can save Elsies life. For instance, the probability of Elsie being medically treated was high at the first time of admission but since the power of nurses to make a decision concerning her treatment was limited they could not adopt any advanced treatment. The paramedics were threatened to be sued an act which affects their performance. Besides performance it affects them psychologically and when it is not well handled it can cause some mental problems. The family is affected psychologically and socially (Harman Cornelius, 2015). The death of fam ily members brings stress and loneliness which when not well taken care of it can lead to mental illness. Resolution Healthcare professionals interact directly with the people, and the intensity of the conflict depends on of the social and professional factor of the professionals. Since the code of ethics emphasis on the relationship between the professionals and the community the conflict can be solved by bridging the gap between the healthcare and the community. When the professional are up to date with the code of ethics the community enjoys quality services and the probability of any decision made by the professional to fail is very low. The community develops confidence and trusts an aspect which solve the conflict. When trust is built the professionals have a conducive environment to work on and any decision they make is highly respected. The community comprises of different cultures and when the professionals are not versant to the culture they end up making the wrong decision. Increased cultural capabilities of the practitioners help in solving some conflicts. Additionally, every culture is respected in decision-making, therefore, satisfaction in case a professional makes a decision geared at restoring the health of a patient. Profile of a health care plays a key role in winning the trust of the community. When the healthcare provides quality services and its history of restoring patient health repeats, then any decision made by the professionals will be respected irrespective of whether they are legally or ethically right. Conclusion The intensity of legal and ethical conflicts depends on the relationship between the professionals and the community. When skilled and experienced professionals are involved in such cases the intensity of the conflict is reduce since the professionals are versant to principles, virtue and rights governing all the stakeholders. Health professionals should improve on their code of ethic and conducts to bridge the gap between the community and the healthcare a step which will help in solving the conflict. Finally rights of each stakeholder stand to be respected and any violation legal action should be taken. References Alspach, J. (2013). The core curriculum for critical care nursing. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier. Ashcroft, R. (2012). Principles of health care ethics (2nd Ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Bma; British Medical Association. (2012). Medical ethics today (3rd edition). Hoboken: John Wiley. Buetow, S. (2016). Person-centred health care. United Kingdom: Pan Macmillan. Devettere, R. (2016). Practical decision making in health care ethics. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Forrester, K. Griffiths, D. (2011). Essentials of Law for Medical Practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gallagher, A. Hodge, S. (2012). Ethics, law and professional issues. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hamlin, L., Richardson-Tench, M., Davies, M. (2011). Perioperative Nursing. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Harman, L. Cornelius, F. (2015). Ethical health informatics. London: Olympia Publishers. Johnstone, M. (2011). Bioethics (2nd Ed.). Sydney, N.S.W.: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. King, J. Hawley, R. (2012). Australian Nurses' Dictionary. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Lustig, B. (2012). Bioethics Yearbook. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Mitchell, D. Haroun, L. (2012). Introduction to health care. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning. Nys, T., Denier, Y., Vandevelde, T. (2013). Autonomy paternalism. Leuven: Peeters. Pozgar, G. Santucci, N. (2015). Legal aspects of health care administration. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications. Townsend, R. Luck, M. (2013). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics Australia and New Zealand. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia. Wynia, M., Kishore, S., Belar, C. (2014). A Unified Code of Ethics for Health Professionals. JAMA, 311(8), 799. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.504

South Africas Youth Essays - Labour Economics, Racial Segregation

South Africa's Youth SOUTH AFRICA'S YOUTH Reflecting back on the tragedy that just occurred at Columbine High School in Denver Colorado and the generalizations being made about the U.S youth and the crisis that we are in and supposedly are experiencing ,I decided to research the youth crisis in South Africa. There is at present no youth crisis as such. However young people find themselves in the midst of a range of crises that should be addressed urgently by the state and society. South African youths as a category refers to South Africans between 15 and 30 years of age; they constitute 29,5% of the population, yet there is no comprehensive youth policy in place to attend to their needs. Most young people share common values of society - signs of radicalism and militarism are found in only a minority of youth. Only a small percentage of South Africa's youth can be considered truly marginalized as the country's youth as a whole and therefore cannot be called a lost generation. Thirty-seven per cent of South Africa population were below the age of 15 in 1991. It can be compared with the average of 40% for similar countries in the world, less-developed countries averaging 44% and industrialized countries 23%. The composition of people between 15 and 30 years, comprised 29,5% of South Africa's population. Figures for racial categories indicate a total of approximately 8,3 million (75%) black, 1,4 m. (12%) white, 1,1 m. (10%) colored and 300 000 (3%) Asian youths in this group. There are many problems for the South African Youth and some of the most challenging problems include family and community instability that leads to a wide range of other social problems for youth. The black family has been under enormous strain partly because of an education system that is not providing all youth with relevant and quality education. Economic stagnation, together with inadequate education, has resulted in high levels of unemployment and poverty, especially among women and blacks. Demographic factors which continue to impact on the South African population and more specifically the youth. It has been estimated that by 1995, 50% of the age cohort 15 to 19 will live in urban areas. The extent to which young people from the different racial and cultural groups have become isolated from one another, with the accompanying negative stereotypes, intolerance and racism. A historical survey in the report leaves little doubt that South African youth have over the years been victims of political and socio-cultural crises. They have been subjected to poverty, blatant political manipulation, racial and other divisions that tore the country apart, and a lack of any systematic youth policy to attend to their needs. As a group, they have for many years been largely ignored by the leaders in control of their destiny. And yet, from the earliest decades of the century, they have attempted to assert themselves by forming youth organizations, by protesting against injustices and by insisting on a decent education and living conditions. Unemployment has been a struggle for the South African Youth. Studies show roughly 42% of youth between the ages of 15 and 30 were unemployed. Young women were particularly disadvantaged. In the first place, they were less likely to be part of the labor force because large numbers were involved in unpaid domestic work. Secondly, they found it difficult to find employment while being involved in unpaid domestic work. Unemployment affects the unmarried, junior members of households more adversely than the other members. Unemployment is higher in the homelands and in urban areas that comprise squatter and informal settlements close to the major metropolitan area. It is however unclear as to whether unemployment is higher in rural or in urban areas. At the time, studies indicate 45% of the black, 12% of the white, 40% of the colored and 29% of the Asian youth were unemployed. Family structure and living conditions play an important role. The core family has been seriously affected by social upheavals. Studies indicate that 22% of white, 20% of Asian, 32% of colored and 40 % of black families are currently headed by females. Stability may be found in nuclear, extended, compound or single-parent families. The extended kinship system among blacks and Asians seems to